Women’s Changing Role in the Family and Society

Wo handss Changing Role in the Family and SocietyNicole M. TortorisToday, wowork force are tipping the balance of baron in their favor. Wo men dedicate gained power because order of magnitude is becoming much awake of womens potential, non only as mothers and housewives, but as businesswomen and entrepreneurs (Schoen, Astone, Rothert, Standish, Kim, 2002). The strife of the sexes continues women are becoming more than independent and more preoccupied with their booters. Womens independence is why they are less(prenominal) dependent on men and mens financial support, and less ordaining to start a family for reasons concerning only economic safety. The emancipation of women, which began decades ago, led to a more agile and influential presence in the business world, also known as a mans world. The time to be an obedient woman of the house and a dedicated mother has passed, while the time for education and professing is present. Women are becoming too busy for large familie s for whom they must care during their entire youth (Schoen, Astone, Rothert, Standish, Kim, 2002).In their eng days, Schoen, Aston, Rothert, Standish and Kim (2002) investigated whether or non married womens employment baneens their marri sequences. They pose a complex three- pull up stakes hypothesis in which they get word the likelihood of a married couple to end in divorce ready on the womans employment and the happiness of two or either spouse. They investigated these hypotheses using data from the 1988 and 1992-94 National Survey of Families and Households. In their compend of this data, the authors consider two theories using the variables business office specialization, interdependence, and economic hazard. The first suggests that a married womans employment does pose a threat to her marriage however, the south argues that in it self, the wifes work does not endanger her marriage, but would allow her to communicate if she were unhappy with the marriage. The aut hors findings support the second theory, that a working woman would be more likely to leave an unhappy marriage. The risk of divorce for a full time utilize wife when both per centumners are unhappy is 4.94 times greater than not getting a divorce, pWomens fuller participation in the decision-making processes of our tender institutions has shattered stereotypes that tended to limit females to powder-puff activities and pushed males into male activities (Heslin, 2007). As geomorphologic barriers continue to fall and more activities are de grammatical sexualityed, both males and females give be freer to pursue activities that are more compatible with their individual abilities and desires instead of societys prescribed powers. As stereotypes continue to be broken, new purpose models develop and socialization of children changes. Males and females will gain new perceptions of themselves and of one another. Sociologist Janet Chafetz (1974) conducted a qualitative longitudinal st udy utilizing focus groups, (based in large part on small class project by her students). In this study, Chafetz identifies 16 satisfying behaviors, eight for men and eight for women. Each of these themes foc apply on specialised behaviors that are considered acceptable for men and women. This studys findings were more useful in determining acceptable behaviors for men and women, and efforts to understand how off the beaten track(predicate) both men and women view advanced in terms of acceptable behaviors. This study was also useful because it looked at behaviors instead of stereotypes. In an examine to take a new approach to this area of study, this study coded specialised sex-typed behaviors, instead of using stereotypes, to assess gender in commercials. Chafetz (1974) explained that this change will allow men and women to express needs and emotions that tralatitious social arrangements denied them. Women and girls will likely perceive themselves as more in control of their lives, more assertive, and striving more for positions of leadership.With these shares changing, men and women will also develop a new consciousness of their capacities and their options, which will change relationships among men and women. Offen (1990) predicted that if current trends continue, American society whitethorn see a growing appreciation of intimate differences coupled with greater sufficientity of opportunity. This has the potential of transforming society. According to Rogers and Amato (2000), there take up been fundamental changes to gender relations. Since the 1960s, both men and women have become less traditional in their gender- character reference attitudes. figure and Livingston (2008) examined the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, a panel study administered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The sample was a nationally representative sample of 12,686 individuals between the ages of 14 and 22 eld of age when the participants were first surveyed in 1979 . Individuals were surveyed annually through 1994 and then interviewed on a biennial basis through to 2005. From the original sample, 60.4% of participants remained in the study. Judge and Livingston (2008) found that women have a more egalitarian orientation than men do (B=-.361, pKulik (2002) analyzed 232 Israeli retirees aged 58 to 85 years to compare the differences between husbands and wives and their views on matrimonial enjoyment. The results of this comparison suggest that gender whitethorn have implications for those couples who are at similar lifetime stages versus those who are not. Participants in the study were asked to complete a 20 time of day questionnaire. Research assistants made sure the couples filled out the questionnaire separately. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether there were differences between husbands and wives with respect to marital comfort and gender role ideology, power relations, and partitioning of family roles. Wives r eported a lower level of marital satisfaction than their husbands F(2,103)=7.45,pIn Kuliks 1999 study of 348 men, 137 were pre-retired (up to 18 months earlier to retirement) and 211 had been retired from 2 to 10 years. MANOVA revealed significant differences between pre-retired and retired husbands in gender role ideology (F 2,324 = 6.25, pSeveral potential explanations for a gendered division of base constancy have been posited (Blair Lichter, 1991). One explanation suggests that domicile responsibilities continue to be shouldered by women because women are socialized to adopt this as part of their identity as a woman. Therefore, many women may discourage supporter from their husbands because this challenges their self-identity. Recognizing that husbands contribute more to abode duties upon retirement (Atchley, 1992), regardless of their wives employment status, may suggest a potential source of divergence as men encroach upon what has traditionally been accepted as a woma ns domain. This may be an issue that is more pronounced for individuals in age antagonistic relationships who transition into retirement at different times. Although Kuliks (1999 2001) results do not suggest that age discrepancy may exacerbate potential sources of conflict that couples in age-similar marriages have already confronted and resolved, it is important to recognize that no specific data regarding age similarity between partners was provided. Moreover, Kuliks (2001) study focused on Israeli couples who were in dual-earner marriages. As a result, the potential collision of nuance may fail to extend to American couples.Kurdek (1998) provides further support for the joining between gendered divisions of house labor and gender socialization. Kurdek examined the relation among division of household labor, gender role orientation, and marital satisfaction. The inter-group communication between gender role orientation and division of household labor were consistent with Kul iks (1999 2001) findings. Although the women in Kuliks sample shouldered more of the household responsibilities than men, the division of household labor was not significantly related to marital satisfaction. According to Kulik, this may be because an inequitable division of household labor is consistent with traditional views regarding the roles of men and women and is therefore congruent with the expectations of both husbands and wives.Wards (1993) study provides additional insight regarding the relation between marital satisfaction and the division of household labor. Unlike Kurdek (1998), Wards study provided evidence reenforcement the link between the division of household labor and marital satisfaction for wives, but not husbands. Ward analyzed the National Survey of Families and Households, which conducted interviews with a national probability sample of 13,017 participants. According to Ward, unequal divisions of household labor are not responsible for gender differences in marital satisfaction. The link to marital satisfaction is based on whether wives consider these labor divisions to be fair. Ward used multivariate analyses to investigate the soothsayers of perceived fairness in household labor and marital happiness. According to his findings, women participate in household tasks more often than men do (means women=37, men=15, p=.0001). perceived fairness of household chores appeared to be related to marital happiness. For women, unfairness to self is related to lower happiness, 2 (1, N=538) =38.4, pSeveral studies have linked gender role ideologies to the division of household labor(Kurdek, 1998 Gerson 2004 Mannino Deutsch, 2007 Mickelson, Claffey, Williams 2006 Robinson Hunter, 2008), unless the impact of aging on attitudes toward sex roles remains unclear (Kulik, 1999). Inglehart, Norris, and Welzel (2003) found evidence that younger adults displayed more modern gender role ideologies when compared to honest-to-god adults. Inglehar, Norris , and Welzel (2003) note that the differences between younger and older couples may reflect differences in socialization related to cohort. As a result, couples who are age discrepant may be more likely to experience conflicts related to the impact of cohort differences on attitudes toward sex roles. However, slay and Cast (1997) note that newlyweds who have a newborn during the first year of marriage experience changes in gender identity that accompany gender role taking. According to Burke and Cast, gender-role-taking yields more congruency between partners with regard to gender identity. The implications of Burke and Casts study indicate that retirement may present the same opportunity for gender role taking among age discrepant marriages that the birth of a child does for newlyweds. These are issues that have yet to be examined among older couples and age discrepant marriages in particular.Researchers have attempted to explore power, decision-making, and relationship satisfacti on differences between males and females for years. There appears to be some sex difference in the levels of satisfaction within marriages. For example, there seems to be a difference in relationship satisfaction based on gender roles and ideologies (Mickelson, Claffey, Williams, 2006 Sprecher, 2001). One predictor of relationship satisfaction may be equal participation in household work. Many women perceive the contribution by their partner, however limited, as an expression of love or support (Pina Bengtson, 1993). Similarly, other studies suggest that equilibrize roles in relation to equal division of household labor (Mickelson, Claffey, Williams, 2006 Rachlin, 1987) and equal contributions to child-rearing (Coltrane, 2000 Dempsey, 2002 Yogman Bragelton, 1986) led to higher levels of relationship satisfaction. Tsang and colleagues (2003) and Marks and colleagues (2001) also concluded that when both spouses were employed full-time, relationship satisfaction was increased (Mar ks, Huston, Johnson, Macdermid, 2001 Tsang, Harvey, Duncan, Sommer, 2003).REFERENCESAmato, P., Johnson, D., Booth, A., Rogers, S. (2003). Continuity and change in mariatl quarily between 1980 and 2000. journal of Marriage and the Family , pp. 1-22.Atchely, R. (1993). Retirement and marial satisfaction. In M. Szinovacz, D. Ekerdt, B. Vinick, Families and Retirement (pp. 145-158). new-sprung(prenominal)bury Park, atomic number 20 Sage.Blair, S., Lichter, D. (1991). Measuring the dividion of household labor. 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