The human cell Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The human cell - Term Paper Example It has organelles for various functions. The chemical processes and complex interactions that occur inside the cell form the bridge between the nonliving and the living (Sherwood 2010). Inside the human body, various processes that go on synchronized to provide an efficient healthy functioning are interrelated and coupled for optimum functional output. This requires organization at various levels. In complex living beings like humans, there are many levels of organization, as opposed to single cellular organisms like bacteria. The study about the cell and its structure was revolutionized with the invention of microscope. The discovery of microscope in 16th century encouraged scientists to study these basic building blocks. It was Robert Hooke who discovered the cell in 1965 and named it Cellulae (Latin: tiny rooms) as he observed box like structures in a thin slice of cork under his microscope (Lee et al 2009). He was the first one to describe the fungus Mucor. Later Antony Van Leeuw enhoek improved the microscope and documented some initial findings about protozoa and bacteria (Gest 2004). The contributions of Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann and Rudolf Virchow lead to the development of ‘The Cell Theory’ in 1839. According to the cell theory: 1. All living things are made from one or more cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from preexisting cells. Thus the cell is an essential component of the human body and this paper will explore the organization and cellular membrane of  the cell. It will also analyze the energy processes of the cells accompanied with the enzymes and the metabolic activities of the cells. ORGANIZATION OF CELLS Advances in microscopy and imaging led to further research into the cell structure. It is now established fact that cells are composed of various organelles and there are complex signaling pathways that control the expression of various molecules. The structure and composition of different cell types vary, but certain characteristics are common to all cells. Cells of similar kind together form the tissues (Marieb 2006). There are four basic types of tissues that form the entire organism, epithelium, supporting or connective tissue, muscle and nerve tissue. Organs are formed by two or more tissue types combined together for a specific function. One tissue type forms the parenchyma, the functioning part of the organ, while other tissues provide the supporting frame work, i.e. the stroma (Crowley 2007). The organization of different organs working together to perform a particular function forms the organ system, like nervous system, digestive system, musculoskeletal system and others. Finally, the different organ systems work together in an individual to maintain a state of homeostasis and optimum health functions (Ganong 2005; Guyton et al 2007). Protoplasm and Cell Membrane: The basic cellular structural components are similar in all cell types. Cells are bounded by a plasma membrane (cell membrane) and contain the fluid called protoplasm. The protoplasm is divided in clear cytoplasm and the central nucleus. The protoplasm is made up of five basic substances, water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and electrolytes. Water is the basic fluid medium of cell and forms up to 75- 80% of its concentration. It provides a medium for the suspension of particulate matter and in which chemical reactions can take place. Proteins are the building blocks of cells and form up to 10- 20 % of cell mass. They are of two types, functional and structural. Functional proteins are the enzymes that catalyze the cell reactions. They can be present as part of the membranes or can be mobile and catalyze the reactions as

Things impact on the effectiveness of the communication process Essay Example for Free

Things impact on the effectiveness of the communication process Essay 1.Needs Expectations Needs and expectations help people predict the action of ourselves and other people under different environment. If an employee does not complete a work on time, the manager must be disappointed. Also, if the manager does not communicate clearly with an employee when the manager give the employee his expectations, then the person will have some problems on meeting his needs. However, if the manager communicates clearly expectations, then the employee can do works productively and minimize problems. 2.Technology Most people now use e-mail to communicate with each other. E-mail is really a useful and convenient communication method in the world. However, it also can bring some troubles. If X send an e-mail to Y but there are many mistakes in grammar and spelling, this e-mail must leave a bad impression on Y. As we lack of fact-to-face communication, the impression of someone is from using electronic communication mode such as e-mail, but sometimes this mode will influence the effective of communication progress. 3.Cultural Differences Culture differences in language, customs, behaviors and so on. Sometimes, culture may set a barrier to communication between individuals. People with different cultural backgrounds may think their culture is the best. This thought may affect the communication between individuals from different cultural backgrounds and set barrier to our stable and harmonious society. 4.Attitude Bad attitude will affect the effective of communication with another person. The bad attitude can lead to mistrust or nervous or fears which will set barriers to communication. These feelings will make people lack of interest in the topic that they are talking now. Good attitude can make communication effectively. For making a good communication, people need to use â€Å"I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  and find the point of other people.

Aesthetics Essay -- Art

Aesthetics Kant defined aesthetic as both, â€Å"the analysis of taste and the analysis of sensible cognition or intuition† . Aesthesis, means â€Å"sensation†, the Greeks made a distinction between aesthesis autophues (natural sensation) and aesthesis epistemonike (acquired sensation). We may say that aesthetics is both the study of aesthetic objects and of the specific and subjective reactions of observers, readers, or audiences to the work of art. Aesthetics is necessarily interdisciplinary and may be interpretive, prescriptive, descriptive, or a combination of these. The big, obvious question about aesthetic value is whether it is ever ‘really in’ the objects it is attributed to. This issue parallels the realism/anti-realism debates elsewhere in philosophy. Though there is little reason to assume that aesthetic value will behave in just the say way as for example, moral value. An extreme realist would say that aesthetic values reside in an object as properties independent of any observer’s responses, and that if we make the judgment ‘That is a beautiful flower’, or ‘this painting is aesthetically good’, what we say is true or false – true if the flower or painting has the property, false if it does not. We will tend to like the object if we recognize the aesthetic value in it, but, for the realist, whether we recognize it and whether it is are two separate questions. Consequently, much work in aesthetics has gone into trying to specify the nature of aesthetic experience or aesthetic response. One factor is pleasure, satisfaction, or liking. The second is experience: the response we are looking for must be a way of attending to the object itself. In the case of music, it must be a response to perceived patterns of s... ...bility, however, so that a new question emerges: The music all by itself somehow seems to point to, or stand for emotions – how? Aesthetics has yet to come to terms with this issue. There is a similar pattern in the case of artistic representation. In the question of what a picture depicts, what role is played by the artist’s intentions, and what by the interpretations which an observer may conjure up? Or does the painting itself have a meaning by standing in symbolic relations to items in the world? If the latter, how similar, and how dissimilar are depiction and linguistic representation?. Once one starts to address problems at this level, the philosophy of art starts to concern the nature of philosophy as a whole. Work Cited Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Judgement. Trans. J. H. Bernard. Hafner Library of Classics. New York: Hafner Press-Macmillan, 1951.

Tatlong Taong Walang Diyos

tatlong taong walang diyos (three year's without god) The film, set during the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines between 1942 and 1944, tells the story of Rosario (Nora Aunor), a young schoolteacher engaged to be married to Crispin (Bembol Roco). Crispin leaves Rosario to fight the Japanese as a guerilla, and in his absence a Japanese-Filipino officer named Masugi (Christopher de Leon) rapes her.Masugi later returns to Rosario apologizing for his act, bearing gifts of canned food and rice which Rosario at first refuses. Matters are complicated when Rosario's father Mang Andoy (Mario Escudero) is arrested by the Japanese and Rosario reveals to Masugi that she is pregnant. Rosario must make a choice: accept Masugi's proposal to make her his wife (saving her father and ensuring a safe and stable life for her child), or reject him and with him the baby they have conceived together. n the form of a blind man lighting a candle for himself and his palsied brother. The blind man careful ly picks up the child, and makes his way out the church just when a procession, complete with hundreds of candles and heavily costumed wooden saints, marches in. The symbolism is somewhat obvious–true faith walks quietly out the door, while pomp and pageantry make a grand, meaningless entrance.But the entire wordless scene is so quietly understated, so beautifully shot and staged–a perfect example of the purest cinema–that it literally takes your breath away. Yes, Crispin, there is a God–only he could have inspired O'Hara to shoot a scene like that. ipinapakita ng gumawa ng pelikulang ito kung gaano kahina ang mga pilipino sa panahon ng kahirapan at pag papahirap ng mga dayuhan sa ating bansa. sinasabi ng pelikulang ito na dapat maniwala lalo tayo sa diyos upang tayo'y matulungan niya sa panahong tayo ay nahihirapan.

Ethical or Not Essay

As far as the media is concerned, one ethical standard I know they must follow is responsible reporting. If this alone is the standard, then I would give a thumbs up for the showing of the documentary. By this criteria alone, the airing of the documentary is already ethical. As claimed by the article itself, â€Å"this was a responsible and important documentary. It was not primarily about Princess Diana or Dodi Al Fayed. It was about the photographers who were subjected to an authority instituted and media supported lynching. Locked up without charge for over two days. Two years later they were formally cleared. Mohamed Al Fayed pursued an action against them for breach of privacy and was awarded derisory damages. † The rights involved here are not only those of Princess Diana or her sons or Al Fayed. The documentary was mainly focused on the rights of the photographers involved. Thus, if the motivation for airing the documentary is to show to the world how they were treated without ill-motives of hurting the royal family or Princess Diana’s memory, then there is no reason why it should be unethical for Channel 4 air the documentary. Its airing falls as responsible reporting from where I stand. Why is it ethical? Ethics should be viewed from the point of view of the one whose acts are concerned. In this case, whether the act of airing the documentary is ethical or not should be viewed from the perspective of Channel 4. Many great thinkers support the act of Channel 4 as ethical. Of course, this is assuming that it was done in the name of responsible reporting and without bad faith on its part. And this is a fair assumption because this is the only fact we can assume from the article as this was specifically mentioned therein. What I am driving at is that we cannot assume bad faith on the part of Channel 4, like for example, airing it just to gain ratings or money for the in-between commercials, because these are not mentioned in the article. To proceed, I will start my defense with the ethical principles ordained by Socrates, who is regarded as one of the greatest teachers of ethics. He said that anyone who knows what virtue is will necessarily act virtuously. He further said that those who act badly, therefore, do so only because they are ignorant of, or mistaken about, the real nature of virtue. Applying it to Channel 4, if they acted out of responsible reporting, then they acted ethically. If it should happen that they acted badly, then they were only mistaken on what should have been the proper conduct. This mistake should not automatically make the act unethical. Necessarily, Channel 4 should know what responsible reporting is. In fact, it acted upon this virtue. Thus, the airing of the documentary is ethical. Confucian ethics will also support the act of Channel 4 as ethical. The heart of Confucian ethics is character. He said that it (ethics) centers neither on acts nor on their consequences, but on character. Applying this principle, airing the documentary or the consequences of airing it are not material to deterrmine whether the act is ethical or not. What matters is the character of Channel 4. Thus, the question is whether Channel 4 aired the documentary with ill-motives or with a noble and genuine purpose. Seeing that Channel 4 aired the documentary out of responsible reporting, which is a noble purpose as far as the media is concerned, then the act was nothing but ethical for them to perform. However, it should be borne in mind here that there might be other factors which Channel 4 considered before airing the documentary. These other factors may possibly range from improving ratings, to generating income from the in-between commercials, to simply just starting an intrigue. Whatever these other factors are, they will not be considered in this discussion because we do not have enough facts from which we could draw a decent assumption. And finally, Spinoza’s view on ethics is that nothing is intrinsically good or bad, except to the extent that it is subjectively perceived to be by the individual. He therefore suggests that whether an act is ethical or not depends on the perspective of the person doing the act. Spinoza’s view makes my argument so simple: if Channel 4 thinks it is right and ethical to air the documentary, then airing it is right and ethical. As aforementioned, the motive behind airing the documentary is responsible reporting. If responsible reporting is an ethical thing to do in the opinion of Channel 4, then it is so. Did the public need to know or want to know? I will not presume to know what is the opinion of the general public regarding the matter. So I will just hazard a guess to answer this question. And I will assure you that it will be an intelligent guess. So let me proceed. Considering the facts that Princess Diana is a public figure, that the media is an industry impressed with public interest, and that the wrongful detention of persons is contrary to public policy, then I would dare say that the public should see the documentary. They need to know what is in it. In fact, it is their constitutional right to know. The Constitution guarantees that the people should be informed on matters which are of public concern. It need not be belabored that the circumstances surrounding the death of Princess of Diana are matters of public concern. She is a celebrity and part of the royal family, which is the public head of England. This makes her a public figure. Moreover, certain members of the media were wrongfully detained because of her death. This is also a matter of public concern. Therefore, the general public should be informed whether the rights of these people, which rights are zealously protected by no less than the Constitution, were violated or not. So yes, the public needs to know about the documentary and what is in it.

Literary Devices 15 Literary Elements With Examples Tips to Use Them

Literary Devices 15 Literary Elements With Examples Tips to Use Them Literary Devices: 15 Literary Elements With Examples Tips to Use Them All writing is made up of literary devices whether you realize it or not.But what if you could intentionally uplevel your writing, make it better, more impactful, and crafting it in a way to hook readers from the introduction?What would it mean for you if you were able to guide your readers in a specific direction and interpret your words the way you want them to?Using literary devices is exactly how you can do thatand well teach you how with our list of literary devices.Although the term literary devices can be a wee bit intimidating, theyre actually pretty simple.In fact, youre likely using a ton when writing your book that you dont even know youre utilizing- and well touch on which those are in a little bit.Here are 15 literary devices to use in your writing: NOTE: We cover everything in this blog post and much more about the writing, marketing, and publishing process in our VIP Self:Allusion Example 1: Careful, now. You dont want to go opening Pandoras Box.In this example, the allusion is Pandoras Box. Because this is a reference to a real 2: He was a real goodguy ball:Diction Example 1: I bid you adieu.The diction present here is formal diction, as most people dont use bid and adieu regularly in everyday speach.Diction Example 2: I remember her hair in particular, because it was on fleek!Here, fleek is a slang term used to describe a womans hair, which means its slang diction.#3 AlliterationAlliteration is a literary device that uses the same letters or sounds at the beginning of words in a sentence or title.There are many nursery rhymes that use alliteration but this is also useful for creating something memorable within your writing.You can also use alliteration when choosing the title of your book, as it makes it easier to remembe r, as you can see in the example of alliterative titles above.Alliteration Literary Device Example:Alliteration Example 1: She sells sea shells by the sea shore.In this example, alliteration is present in both the sh sound and the s sound.Alliteration Example 2: He was a real goodguy ball:Allegory Example: One of the most famous works using allegory is George Orwells Animal Farm. The perceived story is about a group of farm animals who rise up and defeat humans but the underlying story is about the Russian Revoluation.Using an allegory is often telling a darker story in a way thats easier to understand and for readers to receive.#5 ColloquialismOne way to increase the world building in your book is to use colloquialisms.Colloquialisms are expressions, words, and phrases that are used in informal, everyday speech, including slang.You can use these a couple of different ways. Firstly, you can use these as slang in the real world and secondly, you can even create your books own collo quialisms for their world and culture, and even when writing dialogue.Colloquialism Literary Device Example:Colloquialism Examples:Bamboozle to deceieveGonna going toBe blue to be sadBugger off go awayOver yonder over thereDa bomb the bestYou can create your own coloquialisms within your own world to increase the realism.#6 EuphemismWe tend to think of euphemisms as sexual euphemisms, which is how theyre often used. However, euphemisms are actually any terms that refer to something impolite or unpleasant.We create phrases or other words in order to avoid using the actual term because theyre impolite, rude, or indecent. Those alternatives are considered euphemisms.This is often why we think of sexual euphemisms when we hear of this literary device. Most individuals would rather make a much lighter comment when referring to something as indecent as sex, but the same case is made for when someone dies.Euphemism Literary Device Example:Euphemism Examples:Before I go before I die Do the dirty have sexRear:You can even use flashbacks as a plot device, like in the example below.For example, in Vicious by V.E. Schwab, she uses flashbacks as a recurring element in her book. Every other chapter goes back in time and then back to the present for the next chapter as a way to structure the story itself.So in this instance, Schwab is using this literary device to shape the entire narrative of her story instead of simply using it as a single piece, which is a unique take on flashbacks.#8 ForeshadowingForeshadowing is when the author places elements within the writing that gives clues about what will happen in the future of the story.These can often be small bits and pieces that some readers might not pick up on the first read through. They might even look back and realize that certain elements were foreshadowing once they hit the climax or a big plot twist was revealed.Foreshadowing can be both literal and thematic.You can write a scene where theres a conversation t hat the reader cant fully understand the meaning of until more is revealed.You can also write a scene that has symbolic elements that foreshadow events, like placing a black crow in a scene that foreshadows a death, as crows are symbolic of this.If you really want to up your creative writing, you can even create themes to foreshadow within your own world.As an example of this literary device, you can create a culture in which rabbits are a known sign of change and conspicuously place a rabbit in a later scene.Foreshadowing Literary Device Example:Foreshadowing Example 1:In Back to the Future, one of the clocks in the opening credits has actor Harold Lloyd from the silem film Safety First hanging from the minute hand. This foreshadows Doc Brown hanging from the Hill Valley clock tower later in the movie as he tried to send Marty McFly back to the 1980s.Foreshadowing Example 2: In The Avengers Tony Stark makes a comment about one of the ships engineers playing a game called Galaga as they all get together for the first time. The objective of the game in real life is to defend Earth from alien invaders, which is what happens later in the movie.#9 ImageryThis is one that we briefly touched on above and also one you likely learned in school, though it may have been a while since then so well give you a refresher.Imagery is when you use visually descriptive or figurative language in your writing. Think of it more like showing versus telling in writing where you use more sensory language versus blunt, plain words.You would also use stronger verbs in order to present stronger imagery in your writing.Get Your FREE Strong Verbs List HereOver 200 strong verbs and the weak ones they replace! Imagery Literary Device Example:Heres an example of imagery from Hannah Lee Kidders anthology, Little Birds:Notice how Kidder uses visuals to bring life to her words. Youre very easily able to picture where this scene takes place and exactly what those rocks look like.#10 PersonificationPersonification is a literary device where you give human:Imagery Example 1:The wind whistled past my ears like a familiar tune Id long forgotten.Imagery Example 2:The moon yanked a blanket of silver light over the forest.Imagery Example 3:Squatting in the corner was a felt chair covered in the dust and damp of abandonment.#11 Juxtaposition Juxtaposition means placing contrasting elements next to one another in order to emphasize one or both, including words, scenes, or themes.This literary device can sound overly fancy but its quite simple.Many times, authors will use juxtaposition in order to create a stronger emotional reaction from readers.Think of when a happy moment in a movie or book is follo wed by a sad, heart:Juxtaposition Example 1:It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness. A Tales of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.Juxtaposition Example 2:I hate loving you.Juxtaposition Example 3:You will soon be asked to do great violence in the cause of good. The Yellow Birds by Kevin Powers#12 Metaphor/SimileThis is the most popular literary device that has to be used with caution because if used too much, metaphors and similes can reek of cliches and amateur writing.Metaphors and similes are comparisons used to create better clarification and understanding for readers. While these are similar, theyre quite different.MetaphorA metaphor is a comparison between two things that are NOT alike and replaces the word with another word.SimileSimiles are comparisons between two things that are NOT like a nd replaces the word with another word but uses like or as within it.Metaphors VS Similes Examples:Metaphor Example 1:She was drowning in a sea of her own despair.Simile Example 1:It was like she was drowning in a sea of her own despair.Metaphor Example 2:His heart was lead, weighed down by the memory of what hed done.Simile Example 2:His heart was as heavy as lead, weighed down by the memory of what hed done.Literary devices are used to make your writing stronger. However, you dont have to use every single device out there. These are the best to strengthen your writing.#13 OnomatopoeiaWhile its name may be confusing, this literary device is actually easy to understand once you get past its difficult spelling.An onomatopoeia is a word or phrase that shows you the sound something makes. Since we cant hear books, this literary device is best used to paint a clear picture and include the sense of hearing in your writing.When using this literary element in writing, the correct formatti ng is almost always to have the word italicized to show emphasis of the sound.Onomatopoeia Literary Device Example:BuzzZapSplatBoomSplashZingCrankWhooshBangCreak#14 SymbolismEvery story uses symbolism in some way. This literary device is the use of a situation or element to represent a larger message, idea, or concept.Many times, authors use symbolism as a way to convey a broader message that speaks to more readers. You can also use symbolism to foreshadow what will happen later in the story.Symbolism Literary Device Example:Crows are used to symbolize a bad omen, like deathThe color purple symbolizes royaltyThe color red can symbolize death, struggle, power, passionSpiders can symbolize spying, sneaky, or untrustworthiness#15 ToneThe tone of a book is something that conveys the narrators opinion, attitude, or feelings about what is written.This literary device has the power to shape the entire narrative. For example, if you want to catch a reader off-guard when something traumati c or intense happens, keeping the tone light and humorous before the event can increase the sensation of shock and tension.Tone can guide your readers right into the emotion you want them to feel in a particular scene.Ready to start your book?Writing a good book is much harder than it may seemAnd its not just about the book, either- not if you want it to sell and do well, that is.

Free Essays on A Comparison Between Adolf Hitler And Benito Mussolini

A comparison between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini There is no doubt that Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini shared many similar characteristics. They shared movements that were typical of National Socialism: they adopted a radical nationalism, militaristic hierarchies, violence, the cult of charismatic leadership, contempt for individual liberties and civil rights, an anti-democratic and anti-socialist orientation, and a refusal to socialize industries. Hitler and Mussolini looked upon the new form of government, which was Totalitarianism. This form of government means there is only one leader to make decisions and thus they killed or jailed all opponents. Mussolini and Hitler used this form of government after World War One to make their countries into world powers. Perhaps the most obvious similarity would be the path they took to power. In parliament Hitler and Mussolini gathered small groups of followers they would use to bully voters, Hitler’s SS and SA and Mussolini’s Brown Shirts. The point of these behind these parties was that they both expressed what voters wanted to hear. They spoke of greater job opportunities and rejuvenation of their countries. Hitler and Mussolini used violent propaganda to increase social struggle everywhere in their countries. The polarization of the society produced by this violent behavior benefited the fascist parties. Both leaders used their political strength to impose conditions on their people. Both Hitler and Mussolini were finally given the opportunity to form a government and carried out their election promises. Their ruling of power came about to be so similar because of their similar roads to power. Here we see some differences in the way Hitler and Mussolini actually came to power. Mussolini encountered many forms of resistance and had to co-exist with other competitors for power, such as the Italian monarchy and rivals even inside his own party. Hitler proved... Free Essays on A Comparison Between Adolf Hitler And Benito Mussolini Free Essays on A Comparison Between Adolf Hitler And Benito Mussolini There is no doubt that Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini shared many similar characteristics. They shared movements that were typical of National Socialism: they adopted a radical nationalism, militaristic hierarchies, violence, the cult of charismatic leadership, contempt for individual liberties and civil rights, an anti-democratic and anti-socialist orientation, and a refusal to socialize industries. Hitler and Mussolini looked upon the new form of government, which was Totalitarianism. This form of government means there is only one leader to make decisions and thus they killed or jailed all opponents. Mussolini and Hitler used this form of government after World War One to make their countries into world powers. Perhaps the most obvious similarity would be the path they took to power. In parliament Hitler and Mussolini gathered small groups of followers they would use to bully voters, Hitler’s SS and SA and Mussolini’s Brown Shirts. The point of these behind these parties was that they both expressed what voters wanted to hear. They spoke of greater job opportunities and rejuvenation of their countries. Hitler and Mussolini used violent propaganda to increase social struggle everywhere in their countries. The polarization of the society produced by this violent behavior benefited the fascist parties. Both leaders used their political strength to impose conditions on their people. Both Hitler and Mussolini were finally given the opportunity to form a government and carried out their election promises. Their ruling of power came about to be so similar because of their similar roads to power. Here we see some differences in the way Hitler and Mussolini actually came to power. Mussolini encountered many forms of resistance and had to co-exist with other competitors for power, such as the Italian monarchy and rivals even inside his own party. Hitler proved very strong right from the beginning and he brought his plan... Free Essays on A comparison between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini A comparison between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini There is no doubt that Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini shared many similar characteristics. They shared movements that were typical of National Socialism: they adopted a radical nationalism, militaristic hierarchies, violence, the cult of charismatic leadership, contempt for individual liberties and civil rights, an anti-democratic and anti-socialist orientation, and a refusal to socialize industries. Hitler and Mussolini looked upon the new form of government, which was Totalitarianism. This form of government means there is only one leader to make decisions and thus they killed or jailed all opponents. Mussolini and Hitler used this form of government after World War One to make their countries into world powers. Perhaps the most obvious similarity would be the path they took to power. In parliament Hitler and Mussolini gathered small groups of followers they would use to bully voters, Hitler’s SS and SA and Mussolini’s Brown Shirts. The point of these behind these parties was that they both expressed what voters wanted to hear. They spoke of greater job opportunities and rejuvenation of their countries. Hitler and Mussolini used violent propaganda to increase social struggle everywhere in their countries. The polarization of the society produced by this violent behavior benefited the fascist parties. Both leaders used their political strength to impose conditions on their people. Both Hitler and Mussolini were finally given the opportunity to form a government and carried out their election promises. Their ruling of power came about to be so similar because of their similar roads to power. Here we see some differences in the way Hitler and Mussolini actually came to power. Mussolini encountered many forms of resistance and had to co-exist with other competitors for power, such as the Italian monarchy and rivals even inside his own party. Hitler proved...

Which Schools Use the Universal College Application Complete List

Which Schools Use the Universal College Application Complete List SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re applying to college soon, you might have heard about the Universal College Application, a service that allows you to apply to multiple colleges with one application. So which colleges are on the Universal College Application? And is it worth using? We will give the complete list and also weigh the pros and cons of the UCA. What Is the Universal College Application? The UCA was created in 2007, and currently serves 44 colleges. While that’s a pretty big list, it’s much smaller than the list of colleges the Common Application serves. The Common Application is the Universal College Application’s main competitor, and works with over 500 colleges. However, just because fewer colleges accept the Universal College Application as opposed to the Common Application doesn’t mean it’s seen as worse. Colleges that accept both applications treat them as equal choices. For example, Harvard presents them as equal choices, listing â€Å"Common/Universal College Application† as a required part of your application. On their FAQ page, Cornell clarifies that both the Common and Universal College Application are treated equally:â€Å"Although there are slight differences in the applications, it is important to recognize that both applications provide us with the critical information that our selection committees will need to make thoughtful admissions decisions and they will be viewed equally.† So if the schools you’re interested in use both the Universal College Application and the Common Application, you can choose which one to use. The Biggest Names on the Universal College Application Many big name schools in the US use the Universal College Application, including three of the Ivy League schools – Cornell, Harvard, and Princeton. Brandeis University Cornell University Duke University Harvard College Johns Hopkins University Princeton University Rice University The University of Chicago Vanderbilt University Notably, the rest of the Ivy League – Brown, Dartmouth, Columbia, the University of Pennsylvania, and Yale – doesn’t use the Universal College Application. Big names like Stanford, MIT, and Caltech don’t use it either. The Universal College Application by State 21 states, plus Bulgaria, have colleges that accept the Universal College Application. New York and Massachusetts have the most UCA schools, while most of the other states on the list only have one or two.Check out the complete list below. Florida Embry Riddle Aeronautical University – Daytona Beach, FL Lynn University – Boca Raton, FL University of Tampa – Tampa, FL Georgia Savannah College of Art and Design (SCAD) - Savannah, Georgia Illinois The University of Chicago – Chicago, IL Maryland Johns Hopkins University – Baltimore, MD Notre Dame of Maryland University – Baltimore, MD Massachusetts Bay Path College – Longmeadow, MA Brandeis University – Waltham, MA Dean College – Franklin, MA Emerson College – Boston, MA Fisher College – Boston, MA Harvard College – Cambridge, MA Wentworth Institute of Technology – Boston, MA Michigan Lawrence Technological University – Southfield, MI Missouri Westminster College – Fulton, MO New Jersey Monmouth University – West Long Branch, NJ Princeton University – Princeton, NJ New York Colgate University – Hamilton, NY Cornell University – Ithaca, NY Nazareth College – Rochester, NY Rensselaer Polytechnic University – Troy, NY Rochester Institute of Technology – Rochester, NY University of Rochester – Rochester, NY Utica College – Utica, NY North Carolina Duke University – Durham, NC Gardner-Webb University – Boiling Springs, NC Ohio Lake Erie College – Painesville, OH Pennsylvania Wilson College – Chambersburg, PA Rhode Island Bryant University – Smithfield, RI Johnson and Wales University – Providence, RI Roger Williams University– Bristol, RI South Carolina Newberry College – Newberry, SC Tennessee Christian Brothers University – Memphis, TN Vanderbilt University – Nashville, TN Texas Rice University – Houston, TX Vermont Landmark College – Putney, VT Southern Vermont College – Bennington, VT Virginia RandolphCollege –Lynchburg, VA West Virginia University of Charlestown – Charlestown, WV Wisconsin Beloit College– Beloit, WI Milwaulkee School of Engineering – Milwaukee, WI Wyoming University of Wyoming – Laramie, WY Bulgaria American University in Bulgaria – Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria States without Universal College Application Colleges Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Hawaii, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine,Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota,Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Washington, DC. List of colleges via the Universal College Application website. Should You Use the Universal College Application? If you see a lot of your target schools on this list, you’re probably wondering if you should use the Universal College Application, or go with the Common Application instead. The main benefit to the Common Application is how many colleges it works with. So if you see most or all of the schools you want to apply to (excluding public state schools, which typically have their own application systems) on this list, you can go with the Universal College Application. The UCA is faster and more flexible in many ways – you can write your essay on whatever you want and include links to online content you’ve produced. Plus, since it’s a smaller service, you can get faster technical support if you need it and are less likely to run into submission problems. However, it’s very likely that you have a few colleges on your application list that only take the Common Application, not the Universal College Application. If that’s the case, you might want to consider going with the Common Application instead, since it will save you time. What’s Next? We have a thorough discussion of the differences between the Universal College Application and the Common Application in this post if you want to read more about the two options. Studying for the SAT or ACT? Learn for sure which one you will do best on. Get tips for writing the ACT essay or SAT essay, step-by-step. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Personal Aging process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Aging process - Essay Example For instance, a research carried out on 660 people, those that had positive insights on aging lived 7.5 years longer on average (Cavanaugh and Fredda 2010). This was the effect of their perceptions with such factors as income, gender, health status, and loneliness under control. Most people view aging as an increased opportunity for illnesses such as blood pressure and heart failure. It is presumed that the old are more vulnerable to the most deadly conditions. As a result, many people view old age negatively. Another negative though associated with old age is the inability nature associated with it. The fact that old people cannot perform the most basic duties in life further results to the negative attitude. Unlike the youthful, aged people are not in a position to cook their food and wash their clothes. At advanced old age, the inability is increases. However, some positive things are associated with aging. Wisdom is one of the positive ideas that is associated with old age. This is one of the most valuable ingredients accompanying old age. It is a common phenomenon for young people to find and learn guidance from the older people’s lives, whether triumphant or tragic. The elder poses knowledge on how to judge a situation and make the most appropriate decisions. Age also comes with increases in confidence. A confident old individual incorporates the various skills acquired from the vast life experiences to perpetuate and demonstrate feelings on self-worth, healthy, and self-esteem (Cavanaugh and Fredda 2010. Old people also have an advantage of being more aware of themselves. They are in most cases content because they have a good balance between failures and success. They acquire a lot of practical wisdom from tragedy and triumph experiences, which provides a solid ground. A further positive issue associated with old age is that they serve as sources of historical past. Their recollections of historical events of significant impact demand for respect . They maintain primary positions in their ability to offer the community and family the significant sense of continuity in the past. They continuously provide remembrance of significant values that communities and individuals should uphold in the present and the future. Their presence is viewed as a connection between the past and the future (Palmore, 1999). Old age also comes with motivation in life. Older people are more aware than younger people, of how precious time is. They, therefore, desire to use it wisely. Enthusiastic interest in life promotes good health and inspires the younger generations. There are a variety of personal thoughts as far as aging is concerned. It is generally accepted that people are what they eat. However, people are also, arguably, what they feel and believe. Mentalities about old age are very prevalent today. Many people dread the thought of becoming older as a result of such negative mentalities. Three of the most common personal thoughts of old age is that elderly people are helpless, burdens, and incompetent. However, a study that was published in the journal of psychological science held that people that have such negative mindsets tend to be poorer as far as health is concerned. A third common personal thought about old age is people get more spiritual with age. This tends to give life more meaning. A fifth thought is that age often comes with respect. Most old people become source of

Paper on groups in your high school Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Paper on groups in your high school - Essay Example These relationships refer to the processes that are learned in school. They â€Å"refer to the social and psychological underpinnings of the system, how people come together in schools and divide and subdivide into groups† (Crosno 38). On one side you could see cliques that are relatively more popular than others. They compose of both guys and girls where the closest girls usually sit next to each other and chatter or next to the guy most likely have a relationship with. Then there are groups that associate with each other mostly because of their common interests like those who like a particular brand or music or those who belong to the same club. There are also groups that are somewhat in the middle. They are not exactly the most popular but they are familiar faces and most of them have an interesting story about them that you know. They are approachable compared to others and they tend to put balance on the cafeteria and the entire school just because they are more tolerant of the different people. They would rather remain neutral instead of favouring an opinion over

Decision of Uncertainty Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision of Uncertainty Paper - Essay Example In case of any manufacturing defects or the product failing within the period, the company will replace them with fresh ones. Meanwhile the customer service team has recently been receiving complaints from customers that some of the weights are not able to take the load and are developing cracks. This has caused more concern to the marketing department. The marketing team wants to ensure that the campaign will be profitable to the company. As a response to this concern, the quality department has proposed that the testing methodologies have to be made more advanced and the current practices are inadequate. The quality team has proposed a laser testing machine which can replace the current destructive testing. The laser machine can scan all the weights manufactured by the company and can notify defects in an effective manner. The laser testing method involves higher costs in terms of machinery, installation, maintenance and training. The quality has estimated a total investment of about $ 100,000 towards these expenses. The management however feels that the current testing methods are sufficient and the campaign will be profitable. However the decision is still uncertain. In order to reduce the uncertainties in making the decision, a research is designed and carried out. The last 200 batches that were sold by the company were chosen as the sample. Each batch contains 50 weights and hence a total of 1000 products are considered for this research. After collecting data from the customer service department, it has been found that 40 instances were reported where weights have developed cracks, i.e., a total of 40 weights out of 1,000 were reported broken. Hence the probability of a defective weight (impact testing) is 0.04. The quality team has informed that the laser machine will be very accurate and help identify the defective weights and will bring down

Advanced entrepreneurship - legal and financial decisions Essay

Advanced entrepreneurship - legal and financial decisions - Essay Example Every year thousands of immigrants arrive in New York.The immigrants come with promising talent and academics,high hopes of living the American dream.Along with this,the natural increase in the population of a city resulted in a population growth rate of 5% The inhabitable land definitely does not increase with the same rate and this result into densification of population in the city centers. The two – bed room apartment, with all the traditional bulky furniture, that can be bought in no less than $500,000 can hardly accommodate a family of four, let alone allow them a comfortable living. Hence a problem exists and with it comes new opportunities to do business. The Industry: This business idea is related to furniture industry. A new product called ‘Space Saving Furniture’ is presented to Triangle Solutions as a prospective business opportunity in New York City, Manhattan and similar densely populated metropolitan areas. The art of furniture design combined with the latest technology in engineering yields a broad range of multi-purpose furniture products. The new designs are more comfortable, occupy lesser space, and can be easily modified to fit different needs throughout the day. The catalog of product includes a study table that turns into a two tier beds for kids at night, a superb sofa set that turns in to a double – bed when needed, a shelf that can be disassembled to give four small chairs if required and so on. The list includes a whole range of easy to operate furniture products that can fit into offices, bed rooms, kitchens, bathrooms, study rooms etc. and can serve at least two, if not more, functions at a time. Market Size: There are at least 2.14 million apartments in New York City alone according to a survey conducted in 2008 (DiNapoli, 2009, p. 1). Most of the residents of these apartments suffer with the problems of low accommodation. Compared with the real estate prices and monthly rents, space saving furniture is a financially feasible option for the apartment dwellers to increase their accommodation. Hence it is estimated that the product will be extremely popular with the majority of the population. Competition exists in this market as well. There are a few companies such as Resource Furniture which are already marketing the product. However, we believe that a strong marketing campaign can certainly attract the so far untapped customer base. Team Requirements: The team for this business must consist of following experts. Interior Decorator: To design the aesthetics of the furniture Product and Industrial Design Engineer: For general product design Mechanical Engineer: For material selection, load calculations and hydraulic system design etc. Marketing Manager: For devising marketing and sales strategy and its implementation Director Operations: To manage the production, inventory and general operations. Finance Officer: To manage finances. Scalability of the Product: The product is scalable over a good range of production and sales volume. Looking at the costs break down, we can observe that the product has very high initial, fixed costs and comparatively low variable cost. The initial cost includes the cost of equipments and machinery required for production and the design expenses. The variable costs include the materials, marketing and energy bills. Hence increasing the production and hence the sales volume will result in lesser payback time and greater profits. On the contrary, if low sales are forecasted for a particular product, then the costs can be reduced by using simpler production machinery instead of highly specialized machinery for each product. This machinery will have low initial and running cost but has more production time. Financials: The business can be started by establishing an office / display center at Furniture Market in New York. A small manufacturing facility will be set up close to the display center. The initial capital required for it is $2 5,000. All the

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Midterm - Essay Example Brahe also considered the nature of comets as objects of the translunar space and not a phenomenon of the atmosphere as postulated by Aristotle. He established this nature of comets by severally measuring the lower limit of the lunar distance for a given comet. He observed a supernova and proved stellar skies are not impossible to change as was previously depicted (Goddu, 2010). Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer used the Mars observations made by Brahe to establish the movement of planets around the sun on elliptical orbits. Kepler derived his three laws relating to motions of the planets. The first law was that each planet’s orbit is an ellipse with the sun in a single focus. The second law concerned the radius vector from the planet to sun that sweeps equal areas every time. This means that the movement of the planet is faster when it is close to the sun. The third law affirms that the average distance from the sun in relation to all the planets is proportional to the squ ares of the periods of revolution (Goddu, 2010). Galileo Galilei, an Italian astronomer discovered Jupiter’s four bright satellites. These include the mountains on the moon, the spots on the sun and Saturn’s rings. Additionally, he found the nebula as a cluster of stars. Galileo’s discoveries followed the invention of telescopes that enabled him make these observations of the sky. Based on Kepler’s laws, it was evident that the sun generates some force that acts on planets. Isaac Newton provided the understanding of this force through the law of gravity. This formed ground of the development of celestial mechanisms to sophisticated science. The gravitational force accounts for the failure of planets to fall into the moon and the crashing of the moon into the earth (Goddu, 2010). The geocentric view was popular for long because it explained many observations made by the early Greeks. The geocentric model explained the reason behind things falling towards t he earth and the reason for Venus maintaining the same distance from the earth based on the unchanging brightness. The geometric view is due to inadequate technology to facilitate effectiveness of research in astronomy. This implies that science relies heavily on technological advances (Goddu, 2010). Question 2 The relationship of geography and science lies in the nature of the environment, diversity and social decision-making. Geography provides a theoretical basis for understanding nature and development. Geography is the study of the earth with its related features, general research and effects of human activities. It includes study of the climate, soil, topography and vegetation. Geosciences comprise of all the sciences that study the evolution, structure and dynamics of earth and resources. The strength of geography comes from its functional interrelationship to other disciplines. However, geography promotes a holistic understanding that is simple and does not provide vital det ails of cause and effect to a phenomenon (McEntire, 2007). Question 3 Weather refers to the state of the atmosphere at a given geographical location and time. It varies greatly over hours, days, weeks and distance. Climate is the average weather conditions prevailing in a region over a long period (Ahrens & Samson, 2010). Climate change relates to both greenhouse effect and global warming. Global warming is the global average temperature of the surface. Greenhouse effect is a natural system that regulates the

Advanced entrepreneurship - legal and financial decisions Essay

Advanced entrepreneurship - legal and financial decisions - Essay Example Every year thousands of immigrants arrive in New York.The immigrants come with promising talent and academics,high hopes of living the American dream.Along with this,the natural increase in the population of a city resulted in a population growth rate of 5% The inhabitable land definitely does not increase with the same rate and this result into densification of population in the city centers. The two – bed room apartment, with all the traditional bulky furniture, that can be bought in no less than $500,000 can hardly accommodate a family of four, let alone allow them a comfortable living. Hence a problem exists and with it comes new opportunities to do business. The Industry: This business idea is related to furniture industry. A new product called ‘Space Saving Furniture’ is presented to Triangle Solutions as a prospective business opportunity in New York City, Manhattan and similar densely populated metropolitan areas. The art of furniture design combined with the latest technology in engineering yields a broad range of multi-purpose furniture products. The new designs are more comfortable, occupy lesser space, and can be easily modified to fit different needs throughout the day. The catalog of product includes a study table that turns into a two tier beds for kids at night, a superb sofa set that turns in to a double – bed when needed, a shelf that can be disassembled to give four small chairs if required and so on. The list includes a whole range of easy to operate furniture products that can fit into offices, bed rooms, kitchens, bathrooms, study rooms etc. and can serve at least two, if not more, functions at a time. Market Size: There are at least 2.14 million apartments in New York City alone according to a survey conducted in 2008 (DiNapoli, 2009, p. 1). Most of the residents of these apartments suffer with the problems of low accommodation. Compared with the real estate prices and monthly rents, space saving furniture is a financially feasible option for the apartment dwellers to increase their accommodation. Hence it is estimated that the product will be extremely popular with the majority of the population. Competition exists in this market as well. There are a few companies such as Resource Furniture which are already marketing the product. However, we believe that a strong marketing campaign can certainly attract the so far untapped customer base. Team Requirements: The team for this business must consist of following experts. Interior Decorator: To design the aesthetics of the furniture Product and Industrial Design Engineer: For general product design Mechanical Engineer: For material selection, load calculations and hydraulic system design etc. Marketing Manager: For devising marketing and sales strategy and its implementation Director Operations: To manage the production, inventory and general operations. Finance Officer: To manage finances. Scalability of the Product: The product is scalable over a good range of production and sales volume. Looking at the costs break down, we can observe that the product has very high initial, fixed costs and comparatively low variable cost. The initial cost includes the cost of equipments and machinery required for production and the design expenses. The variable costs include the materials, marketing and energy bills. Hence increasing the production and hence the sales volume will result in lesser payback time and greater profits. On the contrary, if low sales are forecasted for a particular product, then the costs can be reduced by using simpler production machinery instead of highly specialized machinery for each product. This machinery will have low initial and running cost but has more production time. Financials: The business can be started by establishing an office / display center at Furniture Market in New York. A small manufacturing facility will be set up close to the display center. The initial capital required for it is $2 5,000. All the

Lenition and its Accompanying Constraints Essay

Lenition and its Accompanying Constraints - Essay Example Lenition refers to the synchronic and diachronic sound alterations. In lenition, sounds may become weaker or weak sounds assume an allomorphic relation to stronger sounds. The weakening of sounds has been an area of concern for most scholars. Lenition has and continues to draw great literature over the decades. However, the general idea is that it implies some reduction in constriction degree or duration.Two other scholars, Ashby and Maidment (2005), seem to support Odden’s view of lenition. According to Ashby and Maidment, lenition is â€Å"also called weakening† (2005: 141). They go ahead to plot consonants on the scales of strength: a consonant is stronger the more it differs from a vowel, but becomes weaker when it begins to resemble a vowel. The idea of grading consonants on a scale of strength also features prominently in Trask’s Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Trask states: â€Å"A shift in character from left to right along any of t he scales†¦may be regarded as lenition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Trask 2000: 190).The considerations of articulatory efforts may also lead to the concept of lenition. It is generally accepted that what causes the sound alterations that result into lenition is laziness. Scholars also observe that many of the world’s languages have undergone many changes. These changes find relevance in the context of weakening or lenition (Hock 1991: 80). This occurs under the framework of Autosegmental phonology where there is an obvious attempt to scale down lenition to a feature-spreading assimilation.

Gender difference Essay Example for Free

Gender difference Essay The article I read is â€Å"‘Health is not a man’s domain’: lay accounts of gender difference in life-expectancy in Russia†. The authors, Ilkka Pietila and Marja Rytkonen, examined the meaning of health to Russian lay people, conducting interview with 29 people aged 15-81. They concluded that the role of the individual in healthy responsibility is very weak, with a stronger emphasis on societal and governmental influence. They also found that in relation to gender, gender roles and relations are static with few alternatives despite social changes. This study was prompted by the large gender gap in life-expectancy in Russia. In 2006, the average life expectancy was 59 years for Russian men but 72 years for Russian women. Pietila and Rytkonen wanted to see if this gap was caused by gender perceptions of health and/or each other or by something else. The theoretical basis for this research is a process Frankel and Davison call ‘lay epidemiology’, which states that â€Å"individuals interpret health risks through the routine observation and discussion of cases of illness and death in personal networks and the public arena, as well as from formal and informal evidence arising from other sources, such as television and magazines (p. 071). The researchers discerned â€Å"four types of explanations: essential/naturalist explanations (biological and psychological differences), explanations related to social roles, explanations related to social change and explanations related to health behavior† (p. 1075). They also found that these explanations often centered around one health behavior: heavy drinking. This article is a great because of its discussion the masculinity behind drinking, as well as the cultural aspects yet how the women tended to see drinking as more of a health hazard then the men who participate in it. The phenomenon of the gender gap and the cultural aspects of drinking add unique curveballs to solving the health crisis in Russia today. An article like this one is very important because it illustrates factors that need to be considered when coming up with a public health policy for Russia. For example, this findings of this research would support the argument that prohibition would not work in reducing alcoholism in Russia; alcohol’s cultural significance is too strong for such a policy to have any ‘lay’ support. The article also noted its limitations. The authors only interviewed subjects in St. Petersburg, which is one of the more Westernized cities in Russia and is more likely to have an higher educated and socioeconomic population compared with the majority of Russia. The authors conceded that this population dynamic may have skewed the results. They also admit that their research sample was small (only 29 people interviewed), although they did their best to have a variety of ages and occupations within these people. One excellent point in the researcher’s methodology is the use of native-Russian speakers to conduct the interviews, and having men interview men and women interview women. The use of native speakers would allow for the nuances of language and communication to be picked up. The gender separation also nullifies the possibility that gender biases would have taken place during the interviews.

Physical Therapist Assistants: Role and Requirements

Physical Therapist Assistants: Role and Requirements Rodny German Sotolongo Physical therapist assistants (PTAs) are health care providers who work as part of a team to provide physical therapy services under the supervision of licensed therapists. They assist individuals of all ages from young to old who have medical problems that deter them from performing their daily chores. They also teach patients how to exercise in order to enhance their strength and coordination. By use of treatment techniques, they examine individuals to relieve pain, enhance mobility and to restore function of the body. In addition, they develop fitness and wellness- oriented programs for healthier living (American Physical Therapy Assocation, 2015). The physical therapist assistant profession has a scope of practice, which is dynamic, growing with evidence, societal needs and education. It has three components, which include professional, jurisdictional and personal (American Physical Therapy Assocation, 2015). The professional scope is defined as a practice that is grounded in the profession’s typical field supported by educational preparation, based on a body of proof, and linked to emerging practice frameworks. The jurisdictional scope of practice is established by a states practice act controlling the specific physical therapist’s license, and the regulations adopted should comply with that act. Finally, the personal scope of practice is made up of activities that are undertaken by an individual physical therapist and located within a physical therapist’s exclusive body of knowledge where the individual is trained, educated, and competent to perform that activity. The physical assistant therapists have codes of ethics, which enhance in defining the ethical principles that form the base of physical therapist practice in client management, consultation, research, and administration. The codes of ethics also provide standards of behavior and performance that form the basis of professional accountability to the public (Curtis, 1999). They include demonstrating integrity in their relationships with clients, families and students. They achieve this by being honest, truthful, accurate and relevant in giving information without exploiting their clients. Physical assistant therapists should also fulfill their legal and professional obligations by obeying the rules and regulations of the state. They should encourage their friends with physical or psychological impairments that may adversely affect their professional responsibilities to seek assistance. Of great significance is that they should participate in all efforts to meet the health needs of peopl e locally, nationally or globally. They can achieve this by providing pro bono physical therapy services or support organizations to meet the health needs of people who are economically disadvantaged (Swisher L, 2010). One of the requirements for this occupation is an associates degree. Many states require licensure after completing an approved degree program. Licensure requires the passage of national and state examination in the field, and these licensure requirements are regulated by Physical Therapy boards. However, most require graduation from an accredited program, must have done some clinical work and a good grade on the National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE). Some states also call for applicants to pass separate tests on medical ethics. Apart from the required state license, physical therapists also have a chance to earn voluntary professional certification in specialist areas and credentials are offered by physical therapy professional organizations. The Commission on Accreditation of Physical Therapy Education (CAPTE) is an important accrediting agency for graduate programs. Accreditation ensures that PT and PTA degree programs maintain particular academic standards and thus will be able to graduate professionals who are very competitive in the society. PTA programs are accredited at the associate level. The National Physical Therapy Examination (NPTE), is administered by the Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy (FSBPT). To be able to sit for the National Physical Therapy Examination, one must complete a CAPTE- accredited degree program (SR Education Group, 2014). According to SR Education Group (2014), there are many institutions offering physical therapist programs. One of them is Boston University, which charges $44,880 per year; University of Michigan-Fint, $18,238; and University of New England, $33,145 per year. The programs these universities offer prepare students for a career as a physical therapy aide or assistant. Masters programs in physical therapy typically last two years, and doctoral programs last three years. Bachelor’s programs in physical therapy are often titled â€Å"pre-physical therapy† programs, because they are designed to prepare students for graduate programs in physical therapy. There are many certified occupations in this field. One of them is the clinical electrophysiology, that studies electric functions of the body. The physical therapists who specialize in this area record and interpret data, and then apply their findings to a patients physical therapy plan.There is also cardiovascular and pulmonary, which is treating patients with cardiopulmonary disorders or those who have had cardiac or pulmonary surgery.Other examples include: geriatrics the physical therapy for the elderly and aging; neurology, which deals with patients suffering from brain injuries; orthopaedics, which entails working with people who have broken or weak bones; paediatric physical therapy, which is administered to young children; and women’s health specialists, who assist patients with medical conditions such as pre- and postnatal distress, incontinence, and lower back pain (SR Education Group, 2014). According to McKay (2015), this career is growing more quickly than most other health care jobs. He notes that prospects are even better for physical therapist assistants than for physical therapists who oversee them. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts physical therapists will employ more physical therapist assistants to evaluate patients with the intention of lowering the costs. It is estimated that employment growth for physical therapist assistants should average 41 percent between 2012 and 2022 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2014). The average salary for this career is about $53,360 per year and the best paid earns $73,760 per year. The modern field of physical therapy is showing dynamic expansion into a variety of new areas that present exciting opportunities for new and currently employed physical therapists and physical therapist assistants. Some of the newest opportunities in this field include working in private offices, workplace, home care serv ices, sports, medicine, school/pre-school, industrial and outpatient clinic. The largest percentage of patients receiving this service are older adults over the age of 65 years (Wedge, Mendoza, Reft, 2014). I have been having a strong interest in this field since my childhood. My strong passion to help people, my first-rate interpersonal skills and the experience I am getting adds ignites more desire of becoming a physical therapist assistant. My aims and objectives after the undergraduate degree is to look for internship to hone my skills in this field. After that, I will look for a job in a health care institution after acquiring the licence. This field truly satisfies me together with the remuneration that comes with it. References American Physical Therapy Association. (2015, February 2). Ethics Professionalism. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.apta.org/EthicsProfessionalism/ Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor. (2014, January 8). Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2014-15 Edition, Occupational Therapy Assistants and Aides. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.bls.gov/ooh/healthcare/occupational-therapy-assistants-and-aides.htm#tab-2 Curtis, K. A. (1999). The Physical Therapists Guide to Health Care. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated,. McKay, D. R. (2015). Physical Therapist -Career Information. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://careerplanning.about.com/od/occupations/p/phys_therapist.htm SR Education Group. (2014). Accredited Colleges Offering Physical Therapist Degrees. Retrieved February 25, 2015, from http://www.collegesanddegrees.com/programs/physical-therapy Swisher L, H. P. (2010). The Revised APTA Codes of Ethics for the Physical Therapist Assistant: Theory, Purpose, Process and SInifigance. Physical Therapy, 90 (5), 803-804. Wedge, F., Mendoza, M., Reft, J. (2014). Development of Geriatric Curricular Content Within a Physical Therapist Assistant Education Program. Journal of Physical Therapy Education, 28 (2), 85-90.

The Diffusion and Adaptation of Public Achievement in Northern Ireland †An Activist’s Perspective. :: Politics Political

The Diffusion and Adaptation of Public Achievement in Northern Ireland – An Activist’s Perspective Acknowledgements – This paper and its presentation was made possible by funding from the European Programme for Peace and Reconciliation, Measure 4.1, from the Office of the First and Deputy First Minister, Stormont, Belfast. The author would also like to acknowledge the assistance of his Northern Ireland based and international colleagues, and the patience beyond reason of his family, Kim, Raffy and Evie. ‘For years I would not let the dark gods of politics and religion possess me. Unlike many of my age and background, I had made that mythic leap and crossed the Jordan. My Protestant working-class background and all its shibboleths would not contain me. I chose to ask questions and not accept ready made answers. We discover our own answers if we have the will to do so; and if we are not afraid of the confrontation with ourselves that such a journey might entail. †¦Those who ‘cross the Jordan’ and seek out truth through a different experience from the one they are born to, ... theirs is the greatest struggle. To move from one cultural ethos into another, as I did, and emerge embracing them both demands more of a man than any armed struggle. For here is the real conflict by which we move into manhood and maturity. For unless we know how to embrace the other we are not men and our nationhood is wilful and adolescent. Those who struggle through turbulent Jordan waters have gone beyond the glib definitions of politics or religion. The rest remain standing on either bank firing guns at one another. I had had enough of gun-fire, the rhetoric of hate and redundant ideologies.’ Brian Keenan – An Evil Cradling (p16) Introduction In telling the story of Public Achievement in Northern Ireland, I want to employ 3 interweaving narratives – personal, organisational and societal. The organisational spans the period from May 1998 to the present (November 2003), as does much of the societal - though I will touch on some historical and more recent events and developments to illustrate this story. I approach the subject as a participant, a practitioner and one who has invested large chunks of my life in pursuit of more humane, democratic and life-enhancing ways of living in what has been a brutal and stunting place.

Interpersonal Relationship Essay

Introduction Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations. American Nurses Association (ANA) An interpersonal relationship is an association between two or more people that may range from fleeting to enduring. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship). Seemingly to Hildegard Peplau, nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two or more individuals with a common goal. Peplau, emphasized the nurse-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice. A therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is defined as a helping relationship that’s based on mutual trust and respect, the nurturing of faith and hope, being sensitive to self and others, and assisting with the gratification of your patient’s physical, emotional, and spiritual needs through your knowledge and skill. This caring relationship develops when you and your patient come together in the moment, which results in harmony and healing. Effective verbal and nonverbal communication is an important part of the nurse-patient interaction, as well as providing care in a manner that enables your patient to be an equal partner in achieving wellness. (Pullen & Mathias 2010) Patient-centered communication is a basic component of nursing which facilitates the development of a positive nurse-patient relationship and along with other organizational factors, results in the delivery of quality nursing care. In most instances, a nurse plays an essential role in the life of a patient. The concerns and cares they give to their patients is a big factor that uplifts each one’s spirit, therefore the goal of the nurses of Olivarez College BSN IV is to create a harmonious relationship between their patients through a well organize and meaningful interactions. The study of the relationship between patient and nurse is important to see how efficient a patient recovers, to understand his illness fully; whether there’s a chance of recovery or nothing to expect at all. Moreover, the role of the nurse is to lessen the emotional and physical pain of every patient. In dealing with these, a need for better communication strategies and methods should be applied. There may be some existing practices exercised by hospitals for their nurses and patients, but a thorough study to improve it better is an advantage. (Cruz, JA 2010) One good way of communicating with a patient is by merely listening to them. Letting them express their thoughts and anxieties may help them feel better. Furthermore, an understanding smile, a good sense of humor, a compassionate outlook and friendly gestures can alleviate their pain and anxiety. The focus of this research is the patient’s perception of an effective nurse-patient relationship. The most common method of interaction is communication. Communication is the sending of ones information to another and may be done verbally or non-verbally. Background of the Study An internal problem of nurses is common. There are so many things to adjust especially working with people that they knew for the 1st time. An interpersonal problem not only occurs with co-workers, it can also be applied with nurse-patient relationship. Everyday different types of patient are being encountered by the nurses. This study gives interest to the researchers to develop and enhanced interpersonal skills and confidence during nurse-patient interaction in the area. Mostly, nurses do not practice good communication skills because of low-self esteem to deal with the patient, resulting to the insufficient gathering of important details and information on the patient’s data. Nursing students should practice well on developing nurse-patient relationship to be an effective and a qualified nurse. Nurse has important role enhancing communication skills. Nurses play an important role in health communication. They are the ones who are always in close contact with the patients. Having effective communication skills and being able to employ them in communicating to the patients is very essential for every nurse. A nurse must be able to communicate effectively to the patient, its family and their co-workers, as well. It is important for health care personnel to understand the doubts, fears and the anxieties of the patients who come to them for treatment. It is equally important to talk in an understanding tone to those who have not voiced their fears but are obviously scared. Patience is also essential in dealing with hard headed and unbeliever patients especially when the patient is suffering and in pain during medication and they tend to refuse taking medicines anymore. Nurses feel a sense of accomplishment when they give a positive influence on their client’s health status. Learning experiences with simulation offer the nursing student an opportunity to further develop knowledge, skills and critical thinking abilities prior to practicing in the clinical setting. Role play, as well as manikin use, can enhance the nursing student’s ability to respond to a variety of patient care scenarios before actually encountering them in the clinical setting (Billings & Halstead, 2005). Active learning with immediate feedback reinforces the nursing student’s performance and confidence in relating to patients and other professionals in the healthcare setting (Billings & Halstead, 2005). A student nurse can easily relate to the situation of their patients in terms of their know-how and further sturdy of their illnesses. This study aims to know how patients can perceive and cooperate for the fulfilment of their rehabilitation. Cutcliffe and McKenna (2005) reported that during treatment, hospital and community patients interact more with nurses than with any other health professional in the multidisciplinary team. These authors also highlighted that nurses are continuing to expand their role into medical and even surgical practice. Nursing proves as difficult to define as ‘care’, which means that the role of the nurse and how it is differentiated from other health professions is often misunderstood. Perhaps nurses provide care and doctors provide tre atment, but (McMahon 2007) argues that neither addresses the skills and knowledge needed in modern nursing to provide good-quality care, nor explains why students take three years to train before they become qualified nurses. Since Florence Nightingale’s time, nursing could be seen as having moved from a task-oriented practice towards a therapeutic process that encompasses a wide range of nursing roles, focused on the individual patient and his or her health and well-being. (McMahon 2007) attempts to define therapeutic nursing abilities as being characterized by six skills: developing the nurse-patient relationship; caring and comforting; using evidence-based physical interventions; teaching; manipulating the environment; adopting complementary health practices. These are all the skills developed by nurses during their pre-registration education; all of them demand good communication skills for effectiveness. It appears that this argument supports the notion that ‘nursing’, in addition to the applied knowledge and attitude, is underpinned essentially by communication skills. Review of Related Literature and Studies FOREIGN The relationship between the nurse and the patient is often seen as a therapeutic relationship in itself that is based on partnership, intimacy, and reciprocity (McMahon, 2007). Its purpose is different from a social relationship in that it has a focus on the patient’s well-being as a priority, and the nurse and the patient do not need to have anything in common or even like each other (Arnold and Boggs, 2006). This relationship can last only five minutes in an accident and emergency department or primary care practice, or can continue and develop for months or years during chronic illness management. It can be intensely personal when breaking bad news, or quite superficial such as when directing a patient to the appropriate clinic room. However, all of these scenarios are nurse-patient encounters that impart to the patient something of the support and meaningfulness of their engagement with health care. They tell the patient whether they are viewed as important and valued, and whether they will be listed to or discriminated against. Since Florence Nightingale’s time, nursing could be seen as having moved from a task-oriented practice towards a therapeutic process that encompasses a wide range of nursing roles, focused on the individual patient and his or her health and well-being. (McManhon 2007) attempts to define therapeutic nursing abilities as being characterized by six skills: developing the nurse-patient relationship; caring and comforting; using evidence-based physical interventions; teaching; manipulating the environment; adopting complementary health practices. These skills are developed by nurses during their pre-registration education; all of them demand good communication skills for effectiveness. It appears that this argument supports the notion that ‘nursing’, in addition to the applied knowledge and attitude, is underpinned essentially by communication skills. For instance, reticence from the others may prompt encouraging remarks of prompt questioning timing of social responses: This requires the communicator to know when to speak, when to listen, when to interrupt or prompt, or when to take the lead or be led. Self-presentation: A good communicator has self-awareness and is able to use this self-knowledge to present themselves to the other. This gives the other feedback about who the communicator is and therefore how to interpret and respond to them. For instance, sitting in a forward-leaning position assures the other that they are being listened to. Rewardingness: This is the ability to engage the other in the communication and know how to reward communication behaviour. For instance, using nods, smiles, and eye contact encourages someone to talk about themselves. For instance, if they realize that being dressed formally is off putting to a young teenager, they can respond by removing a tie or rolling up their sleeves. Argyle breaks communication skills down into behavioural skills rather than skills of insight, understanding, and cognition. Another definition of good communication comes from (Becker et al.) who suggest that skilful communicator ‘must be able to identify the emotions or intent expressed by the other person and make sophisticated judgements about the form and timing of the appropriate response ‘. In this definition, the skilled communicator uses accurate perception and good judgement to understand the interactions and know how to make appropriate judgements. It may be that all of these factors are part of the skills of a good communicator–that skills are made up of a good sense of reality, awareness of self and others, accurate reading of situations, good timing, and ability to use the self to facilitate meaningful and positive communication. Many of these skills can be learnt and developed through the practice and through personal development by improving self-awareness, and awareness and understanding of other people and heir cognitive and emotional states. Related Studies Patients’ Perceptions of Interpersonal Continuity of Care by Nancy Pandhi, MD and John W. Saultz, MD (2005) this is the qualitative and quantitative study of Interpersonal continuity of care is important to a majority of patients, particularly those from vulnerable groups. Patients value the relationship with their physician, their physician’s knowledge about them, and the ability to communicate their concerns. Over time, contact with a physician seems to lead to the development of trust and confidence. However, continuity of care is not valued by all patients or across all settings. Nurse-patient relationship: analysis of problems Encountered by the nursing students of Olivarez College (2010). In this study the purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to observe as a starting point for the hypothesis be it as general or theory development. The survey analyzed the data of the faculty needs of the nursing college department, the degree on which these needs were met. Synthesis Patients’ Perceptions of Interpersonal Continuity of Care by Nancy Pandhi, MD and John W. Saultz, MD (2005) this is the qualitative and quantitative study of Interpersonal continuity of care is important to a majority of patients, particularly those from vulnerable groups. Patients value the relationship with their physician, their physician’s knowledge about them, and the ability to communicate their concerns. Over time, contact with a physician seems to lead to the development of trust and confidence. However, continuity of care is not valued by all patients or across all settings. The studies utilized results quantitative (19/36), qualitative (16/36), or mixed methods (1/36). The largest number of the studies (15/36) took place in the United States. Several took place in the United Kingdom (8/36), The Netherlands (4/36), and Canada (4/36). The remainder took place in other European countries (2/36), Australia (2/36) or both the United States and England (1/36). All recruited patients from ambulatory settings. A summary of results from these studies regarding our contextual questions is reported below. Nurse-patient relationship: analysis of problems Encountered by the nursing students of Olivarez College (2010). In this study the purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to observe as a starting point for the hypothesis be it as general or theory development. The survey analyzed the data of the faculty needs of the nursing college department, the degree on which these needs were met. According to researchers, this study is a qualitative phenomological research to a patient-centered communication is a basic component of nursing which facilitates the development of a positive nurse-patient relationship and along with other organizational factors, results in the delivery of quality nursing care. In most instances, a nurse plays an essential role in the life of a patient. The concerns and cares they give to their patients is a big factor that uplifts each one’s spirit, therefore the goal of nurses of Olivarez College BSN IV is to create a harmonious relationship between their patients through a well-organized and meaningful interactions. Theoretical Framework This study is based on Hildegard Peplau’s Theory of Interpersonal Relations. The Theory of Interpersonal Relations is a middle-range descriptive classification theory. It was influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elger Miller. The four components of the theory are: person, which is a developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs; environment, which consists of existing forces outside of the person, and put in the context of culture; health, which is a word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and other human processes toward creative, constructive, productive, personal, and community living. The nursing model identifies four sequential phases in the interpersonal relationship: orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. The orientation phase defines the problem. It starts when the nurse meets the patient, and the two are strangers. After defining the problem, the orientation phase identifies the type of service needed by the patient. The patient seeks assistance, tells the nurse what he or she needs, asks questions, and shares preconceptions and expectations based on past experiences. Essentially, the orientation phase is the nurse’s assessment of the patient’s health and situation. The identification phase includes the selection of the appropriate assistance by a professional. In this phase, the patient begins to feel as if he or she belongs, and feels capable of dealing with the problem which decreases the feeling of helplessness and hopelessness. The identification phase is the development of a nursing care plan based on the patient’s situation and goals. The exploitation phase uses professional assistance for problem-solving alternatives. The advantages of the professional services used are based on the needs and interests of the patients. In the exploitation phase, the patient feels like an integral part of the helping environment, and may make minor requests or use attention-getting techniques. When communicating with the patient, the nurse should use interview techniques to explore, understand, and adequately deal with the underlying problem. The nurse must also be aware of the various phases of communication since the patient’s independence is likely to fluctuate. The nurse should help the patient exploit all avenues of help as progress is made toward the final phase. This phase is the implementation of the nursing plan, taking actions toward meeting the goals set in the identification phase. The final phase is the resolution phase. It is the termination of the professional relationship since the patient’s needs have been met through the collaboration of patient and nurse. They must sever their relationship and dissolve any ties between them. This can be difficult for both if psychological dependence still exists. The patient drifts away from the nurse and breaks the bond between them. A healthier emotional balance is achieved and both become mature individuals. This is the evaluation of the nursing process. The nurse and patient evaluate the situation based on the goals set and whether or not they were met. The goal of psychodynamic nursing is to help understand one’s own behavior, help others identify felt difficulties, and apply principles of human relations to the problems that come up at all experience levels. Peplau explains that nursing is therapeutic because it is a healing art, assisting a patient who is sick or in need of health care. It is also an interpersonal process because of the interaction between two or more individuals who have a common goal. The nurse and patient work together so both become mature and knowledgeable in the care process.

Alcohol vs Marijuana

Alcohol and marijuana are two drugs commonly used and abused in the United States. Alcohol is the number one abused drug, while marijuana is number one among illegal drugs. While alcohol remains legal, and marijuana illegal, this does not necessarily mean that alcohol is better for you. There have been many arguments where people suggest that marijuana should be legal because alcohol is more deadly. On the other hand, there are alcoholics who would tell a pothead that smoking weed is bad for you. Both substances are very bad for your health and should not be heavily used by anyone but we do need to be a little more piteous to the people that do drugs because you don’t know what they go through in life . Although, Marijuana has such a bad reputation Marijuana is one of the most common drug today and its also arrant. But what exactly is marijuana? Marijuana is a green, brown, or gray mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems, seed, and flowers of the hemp plants. There are a lot of names for this drug and they are: pot, herb, weed, grass, boom, mary jane, gangster, or chronic. Marijuana has been around for many years and has been thought to be illegal and harmful. But marijuana has been used for medical reasons, including: medicine, hemp rope, crude cloth and enjoyment. Why do young people use marijuana? There are many reasons why they do that and most young people smoke marijuana because their friends or brothers and sisters use marijuana and pressure them to try it. others may think its cool to use marijuana because they hear songs about it and see it on TV and in movies. Some teens may feel they need marijuana and other drugs to help them escape from their problems at home, at school, or with friends. Alcohol is a drug that is classified as a central nervous system depressant. There are three forms of alcohol, beer, wine and distilled spirits. Alcohol is one of the most commonly used drugs in the United States and has more adverse effects that most other drugs combined. There are many aspects to consider when thinking about alcohol as a drug. There are many myths surrounding alcohol, including who uses it, what its effects are on users, social and sexual situations and the amounts people drink. The vast majority of the American population uses alcohol and in many various ways and this also causes different effects. Alcohol is also has a great causation in crimes committed by users, social, medical, and educational problems as a result of use as well. Marijuana and alcohol are similar in many ways because weed and alcohols seems to satisfy most teenagers in today’s world. Some of there similar effects are that they both make you very hungry and sleepy and they both make you escape from reality. When I say they both make you escape from reality I mean that most people drink in smoke because they are going through something and they just don’t want to think about it anymore and that’s how they escape from reality. If they were to get rid of marijuana and alcohol I think that would be very formidable. As you can see marijuana and alcohol are the most common drugs used in today’s society but does that make it right for everyone to do them? Should alcohol be illegal since marijuana is illegal or should they both be legal? Those are some of the questions you have to ask yourself because just because your friends are drinking and smoking doesn’t mean you have to drink and smoke also, jus be above the influence!

Assignment Internal Cash Control Essay

The weaknesses in the internal control over cash disbursements are, there should be only one person in charge of writing the checks for each task, and there should be numbered checks for both people so that the funds spend can be tracked easier, the cabinets were the checks are stored should be two locked cabinets, one for each person who writes the checks. Memo: I would recommend that to have a better control over money paid and items purchased, that you start having numbered checks in two separate accounts, one account for the treasurer and one account for the purchasing agent. This method will make it easier for moth parties to avoid mistakes, and it will also be easier to verify money spent and received. P4-1A The internal control principles implemented by the Guard Dog Company are, numbered checks so that the company has a number trail to monitor cash dispersment. Each check must have approval from Jane Bell, and Dennis Kurt before a check can be issued, this is an establishment of responsibility to ensure that not just anyone ion the company can write checks. Checks must be signed by either Tom Kimball, the treasurer, or Karen Thews, the assistant treasurer. Before signing a check, the signer is expected to compare the amounts of the check with the amounts on the invoice, this is also a form of establishment of responsibility and both of these procedures are a use of documentation procedures. After signing a check, the signer stamps the invoice â€Å"paid† and inserts within the stamp, the date, check number, and amount of the check. The â€Å"paid† invoice is then sent to the accounting department for recording. By doing this it is a way of verifying company cash dispersment and documentation control. Blank checks are stored in a safe in the treasurer’s office. The combination to the safe is known by only the treasurer and assistant treasurer. By locking the checks in a safe it establishes responsibility for the checks, and uses a Physical, mechanical, and electronic controls to narrow down any check problems to one source. Each month the bank statement is reconciled with the bank balance per books by the assistant chief accountant. By doing this it establishes document control, this way any discrepancies in the amount paid can be verified. Indicate the weaknesses in internal accounting control in the handling of collections. The weaknesses in the handling of collections are the way the money is deposited, the way the checks are made out and the way the money is verified and deposited. P4-2A List the improvements in internal control procedures that you plan to make at the next meeting of the audit team for (1) the ushers, (2) the head usher, (3) the financial secretary, and (4) the finance committee. The improvements the ushers need to make is that after each offering they should individually count their own collected baskets and log there amount in an offering log book, so that there is less room for error in the next step. By handing all the baskets to the head usher without counting the money themselves, the head usher can offer any amount on his final deposit. The improvements the head usher needs to make is to make sure that each usher counts their baskets, and that the head usher counts all the baskets and checks for discrepancies to make sure that no one is pocketing any money. The head usher should also check the amount given to him/her against what is written in the offering log. Have a book to log the amount of money that is put into the safe so that it is logged in a way that can be verified by the committee, a note is not a safe method because it can be thrown out, by logging in a book it is easier to find were the discrepancies came from. The improvements the financial secretary should make is that he/she should have a list of what needs to be paid and make a log of the amounts that need paid and to make sure the receipts are logged along with whatever bills or services that needed to be paid that week. The financial secretary should also verify the amount of money in the safe against the log that is kept by the ushers. The financial committee should show a more detailed list of what expenditures are needed each month so that the financial secretary knows what is needed for payment that month. They should also be involved in verifying the churches income. To improve internal control the church should have a log for money received during offerings, they should tell the congregation to make the checks payable to the church or to the account holder that the checks are deposited into, because anyone can cash a check made out to â€Å"cash†. The church should also verify that any money not deposited from the offering was spent properly and not used for personal things. Include how a company could use the five basic principles of cash management to increase accuracy for a business. A company can increase the collection of receivables by offering incentives for quick payment from their customers. A company can delay the payment of liabilities and bills to close to the due date of the liability or bill, so that if any expenditure is needed before the due date they will not have spent the money too early. A company can keep inventory low on the merchandise that does not sell quickly, so that the company has money for the merchandise that is popular and selling fast. A company that wish to expand should wait until they have excess money in a slow season so that they can expand their business and have new locations open in time for their busy season. A company should invest money that is sitting idle into low risk companies’, the most common form of liquid investments is interest-paying U. S. government securities.